Respond with at least 3 paragraphs…cite all references…NO PLAGIARISM

POST 1:

Critically analyze how gender, race, and culture are related to self-esteem.

First and foremost, gender, race and culture are related to self-esteem through genetic set up. Self-esteem is formed through genetic make in the form of DNA, psychological traits, environments and psychological resources. According to National Institutes of Health genes do play a role in self-esteem due to evidence showing variants, alleles of the OXTR gene being linked to certain characteristics that cause low or high self-esteem (www.nih.gov, 2011). Self-Esteem is related to gender, race and culture because these factors start at home with family differences. Family differences set the tone that introduces gender differences by introducing one sex is supposed to behave this way and the other sex are supposed to behave another way. These gender roles create a set of norms that guides the pace to an individual’s self-esteem through how the differences are valued within a family. According to Heilman et al. (1987), group membership is instrumental in determining individual perceptions regarding ability because of the high degree of stereotyping and socialization of men and women into gender-specific roles and norm (Stewart, 2011, p. 220).

The differences are deemed as norms within the family, but problems began when the individual is compared to outside demographics within the culture, this could become challenging and alarming. The differences in self-esteem rely on one’s perception and perspectives that start within psychological traits, then family, then gender, then racial differences and then culture. All these factors such as visible behavior patterns are observed, can affect and connect to one’s value system that is related to a person’s self-esteem. Next, we are introduced to social comparisons that are introduced through race, gender and culture when certain ingroups or out groups are interested in certain things that differ. When differences from certain groups are turned into judgements, then judgements are turned into prejudices. Self-concept is the whole entire make up of a person’s self-beliefs, whereas self-esteem is the highs and lows of how one visions themselves, without really knowing it and self-perceptions all fit in where self esteem is related to gender, race and culture. (Steele, 1995)

As an aspect of this, evaluate how factors discussed in the readings could be used to enhance the self-esteem of African American students.

Factors discussed in the readings that could be used to enhance the self-esteem of African American students are aware of society’s negative images of their ability and knowing their self-concepts. African American students could be introduced to a new culture change of stereotyping culture, where the students could be trained to understand that everyone wants to excel, where everyone has the same priorities and cultural challenges. African American students could be trained to be aware of crossed manipulation where a negative stereotype is being presented. “If this manipulation then affects Black participants’ performance, we would know that at least one aspect of the stereotype threat caused by the diagnostic manipulation was able to impair performance” (Steele, 1995, p. 806). “This would mean that the effect of that manipulation on performance was, or could have been, mediated by the stereotype threat it caused” (Steele, 1995, p. 806). “The variable that we manipulated in the present study was whether or not participants were required to list their race before taking the test” (Steele, 1995, p. 806).

Dawn

References

Steele, C. M. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 797-811. Retrieved 07 25, 2018, from file:///C:/Users/Dawng/OneDrive/A%20PSY7520%20%20Capella%20Summer%202018/Stereotype%20threat%20week%203%20article.pdf

Stewart, M. M. (2011). Selection Based on Merit Versus Demography: Implications Across Race and Gender Lines. Journal of Applied Psychology, 219-231. Retrieved 07 25, 2018, from file:///C:/Users/Dawng/OneDrive/A%20PSY7520%20%20Capella%20Summer%202018/week3%20article%20discussion%202.pdf

www.nih.gov. (2011). Gene Linked to Optimism and Self-Esteem. National Institutes of Health, 1. Retrieved 07 25, 2018, from https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matte…

POST 2:

In this unit we look at self-esteem, which is defined as an affective component of the self, consisting of a person’s positive and negative self-evaluations. (Kassin, 2017). Self-esteem is complex, and is influenced by culture, race, and gender (Kling et al, 1999; Twenge & Crocker, 2002). It requires a critical analysis of its relationship among the stated variables to fully understand it. Therefore, when I make a critical analysis concerning how gender, race, and culture are related to self-esteem, my research, determined that the levels of self-esteem in males and females differed with concepts, black American children have high self-esteem and both individualists and collectivists cultures self-esteem, like with gender, were based on concepts.

• Self-esteem and gender: When a meta-analysis was performed by Brittany Gentile and her colleagues that consisted of 115 studies and involved 32,486 individuals, it was found that men have higher self-esteem when it regards their physical appearance and athletic abilities, whereas women have higher self-esteem when regards matters of ethics and personal morality. (Gentile, et. al, 2009).
• Self-esteem and race: When a critical analysis was done by Bernadette Gray-Little and Adam Hafdahl concerning race and self-esteem, it was reported that black American children, adolescents, and adults consistently score higher than their white counterparts on measures of self-esteem. (Gray-Little & Hafdahl, 2000). In another meta-analysis of hundreds of studies that compared all age groups and different American minorities performed by Jean Twenge and Jennifer Crocker, it was confirmed that African American had an advantage in self-esteem relative to whites. However, in this analysis, it was found that Hispanic, Asian, and Native American minorities have lower self-esteem scores. They also found that self-esteem scores of black Americans, relative to those of whites, have risen over time from the pre–civil rights days of the 1950s to the present. (Twenge & Crocker, 2002)
• Self-esteem and culture: When a critical analysis was done by Constantine Sedikides and colleagues concerning cultures, they found that people from individualist and collectivist cultures both thought highly of themselves, and this burning need for positive self-regard is pancultural. However, each culture influence how the members seek to fulfill that need. Individualists cultures present themselves as unique and self-confident, whereas, collectivist cultures present themselves as modest, equal members of a group. (Sedikides, et. al. 2003). As for what is desirable, when Japanese and American students evaluated a fictitious person from his or her high or low responses on a self-esteem questionnaire, Americans showed a stronger preference for the high self-esteem person (Brown, 2010).

When I evaluate how factors discussed in the readings could be used to enhance the self-esteem of African American students. According to my studies, African American students already have high self-esteem. However, to increase their self-esteem, I will suggest having the student have positive role-models around that they can relate to, as well have literature available that talks about accomplished African American in history.

Ammon Eaves

References

Brown, R. A. (2010). Perceptions of psychological adjustment, achievement outcomes, and self-esteem in Japan and America. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31, 51–61.

Gentile, B., Grabe, S., Dolan-Pascoe, B., Twenge, J. M., Wells, B. E., & Maitino, A. (2009). Gender differences in domain-specific self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Review of General Psychology, 13, 34–45.

Gray-Little, B., & Hafdahl, A. R. (2000). Factors infuencing racial comparisons of self-esteem: A quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 26–54.

Kassin, S., Fein, S., & Markus, H. R. (2017). Social psychology (10th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage. ISBN: 9781305580220.

Lalwani, A. K., Shavitt, S., & Johnson, T. (2006). What is the relation between cultural orientation and socially desirable responding? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 165–178.

Kling, K. C., Hyde, J. S., Showers, C. J., & Buswell, B. N. (1999). Gender differences in self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125(4), 470–500.

Twenge, J. M., & Crocker, J. (2002). Race and self-esteem: Meta-analyses comparing whites, blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and American Indians. Psychological Bulletin, 128(3), 371–408.

Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L., & Vevea, J. L. (2005). Pancultural self-enhancement reloaded: A meta-analytic reply to Heine (2005). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 539–551.