xamine the key individual and organizational factors that influence an ethical decision-making framework in resolving ethical dilemmas.
Read the article titled, “Sarbanes-Oxley Act: HR’s Role in Ensuring Compliance and Driving Organizational Change.” (ATTACHED). Next, suggest two (2) actions that HR should take in order to ensure an organization’s compliance with Sarbanes-Oxley. Explain the manner in which HR policies and practices are instrumental in implementing, and ensuring compliance, with legal mandates.
2. Examine the key individual and organizational factors that influence an ethical decision-making framework in resolving ethical dilemmas. Outline a guide that HR can use to implement principles and core values in ethical decision making in an organization. Provide a rationale for your response.
USE THIS TEXT AS AN ADDITIONAL REFERENCE – Book Access attached
Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., & Ferrell, L. (2017). Business ethics: Ethical decision making and cases
(11th ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.
JO3403
Sarbanes-Oxley Act: HR’s Role in Ensuring Compliance
and Driving Cultural Change
Created by BNA Exclusively for ADP
COPYRIGHT © 2006 BY THE BUREAU OF NATIONAL AFFAIRS, INC., WASHINGTON, D.C. 1
SARBANES-OXLEY ACT:
HR’S ROLE IN ENSURING COMPLIANCE AND DRIVING CULTURAL CHANGE
OVERVIEW Passed in the wake of Enron and other corporate scandals early this decade, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) has ushered in an unprecedented level of government oversight to the internal processes and controls of publicly traded companies. The objective of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is to ensure that stockholders in public companies are given a clear picture of a corporation’s financial condition by mandating disclosure of all material financial or operational events, thereby preventing the kind of fraudulent financial practices that ensnared Enron Corp. and WorldCom Inc. The sheer magnitude of personnel costs—40 percent to 60 percent of most companies’ budgets, according to one recent study—all but guarantees that the role of human resources in SOX compliance is a critical one. Furthermore, poorly performed or documented HR processes can open the door not only to SOX noncompliance but also to legal risks under federal employment laws. Financial losses from lawsuits filed against the company under these laws could, in turn, trigger further SOX liability. But by leveraging its unique position as the crucial interface between an organization’s human element and its financial bottom line, HR also can help drive efforts to meet SOX’s regulatory requirements—and even change the organization’s culture and profitability in the process. “To the extent that the HR department gave its blessing to activities that might have resulted in fines or penalties being levied, or which led to any kind of employment suit, HR executives might find themselves swept up in any Sarbanes-Oxley charges,” according to Peter Petesch, a partner with Ford & Harrison, LLP, Washington, D.C. “Therefore, it is incumbent upon HR to act vigorously in its ‘checks and balances’ role by squashing any violations before they occur, to supply training to staff on compliance with applicable ethics laws, and to have the ears of executives at the highest levels of the corporation.”
SOX by the Numbers: U.S. businesses over the short term will spend more to comply with SOX than any other government regulation, according to a March 2006 study by AMR Research. The study estimated that compliance with all government regulations and laws will cost U.S. companies $27.3 billion in 2006, with SOX compliance alone accounting for 22 percent of that, or $6 billion, the largest single segment. AMR estimated overall compliance spending will climb to $28 billion in 2007, with SOX again taking the largest share of that amount.
COPYRIGHT © 2006 BY THE BUREAU OF NATIONAL AFFAIRS, INC., WASHINGTON, D.C. 2
SECTIONS 404 AND 409
OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT Two provisions of SOX—sections 404 and 409—have particular impact on HR operations. Section 404 requires companies to assess the adequacy of internal controls and processes that could affect financial reporting. A central repository of documented company processes is a crucial component of compliance with Section 404, and HR is involved in many of those processes, from payroll to pensions. As of Nov. 15, 2004, publicly traded companies with market capitalization of more than $75 million were required to file annual SOX reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) along with their regular financial disclosures. In March 2005, the SEC pushed back the compliance deadline by one year for companies with market capitalization of less than $75 million. Those companies now face Section 404 audits for fiscal years that begin on or after July 15, 2006. Some human resources areas—such as payroll, accrued leave, and pension obligations—have always been subject to the scrutiny of outside auditors. But before SOX, “the auditor could just kick the tires,” said Lynn E. Turner, managing director of research at Glass Lewis & Co., an institutional investment research firm based in San Francisco. “Now, they have to state that the procedures are reasonable and working.” Section 409 of the law is also particularly relevant to the HR function. This section requires real- time public disclosure to shareholders of financial and/or operational material changes. Section 409 is triggered by “any kind of movement of dollars,” said John Cooper, partner with the Atlanta- based Hackett Group, an Atlanta-based consulting firm. Changes that might have a material impact on a company’s bottom line can come from a variety of places in a company, including the HR department. Some examples of material changes include:
• the departure of a CEO or other top executive; • government fines or penalties • employment lawsuits; • revision of benefits programs, such as converting to opt-out 401(k) programs or
eliminating defined benefit retirement plans; • new labor contracts; and • noncash compensation, including awards and incentive programs.
SOX by the Numbers: A study conducted for the Big Four accounting firms by CRA International found that auditors in the first year of SOX tested an average of 669 key controls at larger companies (more than $700 million in revenue) and 262 at smaller companies (between $75 million and $700 million), at an average per-company cost of $2 million for larger companies and $423,000 for smaller companies. In year two of SOX audits, all of these figures fell by about 20 percent.
COPYRIGHT © 2006 BY THE BUREAU OF NATIONAL AFFAIRS, INC., WASHINGTON, D.C. 3
HR’S CRITICAL ROLE IN SOX COMPLIANCE A SOX compliance audit looks at processes and asks whether they are documented, repeatable, automated, and auditable. Top management will look to HR for participation in SOX compliance not only to meet the needs of the particular audit, but also to evaluate and improve processes for the future integrity and profitability of the business. “Given the importance of establishing proper controls and to re-look at processes and systems that ensure [compliance], Sarbanes-Oxley has given HR functions senior-level visibility” and support for instituting “best practices,” such as fully utilizing the functionality of information systems, said Steven Joyce, HR practice manager at The Hackett Group. Management will expect HR to engage in risk management and to provide the executive suite with monthly risk assessments, said Cooper. HR also must ensure data integrity for the corporation’s personnel records since HR management systems track who works for the company, how they are paid, and what they are owed. HR also acts as the gatekeeper for a wide variety of information systems and must develop visibility and transparency controls for critical information. Distribution lists for financial information must be kept up to date to prevent data from falling into the wrong hands. Core HR management systems generally have the most current organizational structure. HR should be getting “much more use out of the functionality of their systems,” Cooper said. For example, HR’s automated system should be integrated with directory services, so that when an employee leaves, HR can automatically find all the passwords and access codes and replace or eliminate them. This process was “a big paper chase before,” he said. The workforce also needs training to understand the complexity of the new disclosure and auditing regulations and how each employee can help preserve the company’s financial integrity. In addition, through training, HR management can reinforce the importance of compliance with other employment laws to reduce risk of fines and settlements that could be corporate liabilities under SOX. By tracking that the workforce has been educated on these responsibilities, HR can further demonstrate compliance during the annual SOX audit.
Key Roles for HR In SOX Compliance Efforts
Risk management
Data integrity
Visibility/transparency control
Training
SOX by the Numbers: Partly because of the increased scrutiny of SOX audits, nearly 1,200 U.S. companies filed financial restatements in 2005—about one for every 12 public companies, nearly double the number of restatements that were filed in 2004, according to March 2006 Glass Lewis & Co. report. Another study, released by Lord & Benoit, reported that financial restatements reached record levels in 2003, 2004 and 2005.
COPYRIGHT © 2006 BY THE BUREAU OF NATIONAL AFFAIRS, INC., WASHINGTON, D.C. 4
EXAMINING INTERNAL CONTROLS
More than anything, SOX emphasizes the importance of internal controls to manage risks to investors. HR should examine internal processes to answer questions such as:
SECURITY Does the system provide application security? Does it track which employees have access to what programs and ensure that these access points are regularly updated to reflect personnel changes?
NOTIFICATION Does the system have event-based features that notify management when specific actions are required, such as performance reviews?
EDITING Is the system regularly edited to ensure data integrity?
ROUTING Does the system provide automatic routing of transactions, such as online salary administration by line managers?
CALCULATIONS Can the system automate complex calculations—for example, overtime obligations or eligibility for benefits?
QUALIFICATIONS Does the system include a database of qualifications for various positions, job descriptions, degree requirements, work permits, etc.?
REPORTING Does the system assist in compliance reporting to regulatory agencies, such as the Department of Labor and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission?
A BNA Graphic/wfsspec
ESTABLISHING CHECKS AND BALANCES HR should look for risks such as “control deficiency,” where internal checks and balances against fraud or other wrongdoing are weak or nonexistent. Control deficiencies can lead to problems ranging from preferential hiring and promotion to embezzlement and fraud. Judicious segregation of duties usually ensures that, for example, an executive is not able to hire his own nephew in violation of federal anti-discrimination laws or corporate nepotism policy. HR has many responsibilities that should be rigorously analyzed for possible exposure under SOX. For example, incorrectly calculated benefits could lead to lawsuits under ERISA or force the company to restate earnings. Improper calculation of commissions, which are paid out over time and are difficult to audit, are also a potential liability. Violations of stock blackout periods could result in insider trading charges. Improper network access could lead to fraud, embezzlement, or identity theft. Managing access to sensitive information and intellectual property is a critical HR function, especially when people transfer, leave, or are promoted. “HR needs to make it so that someone can come in and open a book and see every policy and procedure,” said Michael Petrecca, a PricewaterhouseCoopers private company services partner based in Columbus, Ohio.
COPYRIGHT © 2006 BY THE BUREAU OF NATIONAL AFFAIRS, INC., WASHINGTON, D.C. 5
Finally, the most highly publicized aspect of SOX is the protection it provides to the “whistleblower,” usually an employee who reports financial wrongdoing to regulators. HR, through anonymous employee hotlines or its relationship with a corporate ombudsman’s office, may be the initial conduit to top management for this kind of information. Therefore, HR’s role in facilitating the reporting of possible wrongdoing is critical for maintaining the corporation’s reputation and financial standing.
LEVERAGING SOX TO ACHIEVE BEST PRACTICES Internal systems are crucial under SOX and are under intense regulatory scrutiny. HR processes can tighten the bottom line, mitigate risks of legal exposure, reduce costly turnover, and improve corporate morale—or expose the business to financial and reputation losses if proper controls are not in place. The changes wrought by SOX may be a financial burden, but many business leaders are discovering that these same changes can strengthen a company’s financial and ethical foundation. Even some privately held companies—which are not subject to SOX requirements— are instituting SOX best practices. In a PricewaterhouseCoopers survey released in January 2006, one in four CEOs of fast-growing private companies said they are voluntarily adopting SOX “best practices.” These CEOs said that the SOX emphasis on self-examination, internal controls, and financial disclosure had improved corporate governance and financial transparency. A March 2006 survey by Boston-based consulting firm AMR Research found that 36 percent of the 325 North American business leaders and IT professionals interviewed said streamlining business processes was a top business benefit of SOX compliance. Other benefits cited were better quality (28 percent) and a more secure information environment (14 percent).
Benefits of Compliance With SOX
36%
28%
14%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
St reamline Business Processes Bet ter Qualit y More Secure Inf ormat ion Environment
Pe rc
en ta
ge o
f R es
po nd
en ts
Source: AM R Research Inc.
“More forward-looking, visionary, and—quite frankly—better-managed companies are going to look at processes and systems, and ask if there are better ways to do it,” said Turner, who is also a former chief accountant for the SEC.
COPYRIGHT © 2006 BY THE BUREAU OF NATIONAL AFFAIRS, INC., WASHINGTON, D.C. 6
HR managers can utilize new information systems technology to help them with all these tasks and enable their companies to tighten controls and simplify auditing and reporting requirements. Such technology allows executives to drill down past financial reporting to the underlying internal processes—such as work scheduling, the use of contingent workers, and recruiting. Through continuous monitoring of critical controls, this new breed of information technology flags anomalies to alert management to possible fraudulent activity. “Using this technology, executives receive internal control information alongside financial data in a coherent and single view,” Deloitte & Touche USA LLP said in a 2005 report. Dynamic HR managers can leverage SOX compliance to improve internal systems and deconstruct processes to bring about “best practices” such as tightened data security, segregation of duties, rigorous training, and careful attention to reporting major changes in employee payroll and benefits. By doing so, they may position HR to lead the corporate cultural transformation.
BNA BOARD OF EDITORS
Paul N. Wojcik, President and Chief Executive Officer Gregory C. McCaffery, Chief Operating Officer and Editor-In-Chief Robert A. Shew, Executive Editor Gail C. Moorstein, Managing Editor Bob Combs, Copy Editor Lyda Phillips, Staff Editor
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